THE ELECTRON AGE
100 years of progress in eletronics

This table of contents comprises a sequence of articles related with the scientific and technological matters responsable for the worldwide evolution of Electronics during 100 years of the XX century.
Following a new sequence of article will be published under the title: THE ELECTRON AGE IN BRAZIL. It has been author's intention that through this historical-didactical approach the visitor can be acquainted with the so many scientific and technological aspects which, certainly had contributed to the present status of the evolution of electronic science as well as in the same time, to understand their consequences on the Brazilian development in this important field of the humane knowledge.

Carlos Fazano   
General Index
  INTRODUCTION
1.0 THE PREHISTORY OF ELECTRONICS
2.0 THE THERMIONIC VALVE
2.1 THE FLEMING DIODE
2.2 THE TRIODE
2.2.1 THE MANUFACTURING OF A TRIODE VALVE
2.3 THE EVOLUTION OF THERMIONICS
2.3.1 A "CARIOCA" BEHIND THE EVOLUTION OF THERMIONIC VALVE
3.0 THE BROADCASTING
3.1 THE TRANSMITTER
3.1.1 INVENTORS AND INNOVATORS IN THE WIRELESS TRANSMISSION-RECEPTION OF THE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVES
3.2 THE RADIO RECEIVER
3.3 BASICS RADIO CIRCUITS
3.4 PATHFINDERS OF MODERN RADIO RECEIVERS
3.5 A PICTORIAL SURVEY ON THE RADIO RECEIVER
3.5.1 THE FIRST CRYSTAL SETS
3.5.2 THE RADIO RECEIVERS FROM 1920 TO 1924
3.5.3 THE RADIO RECEIVERS FROM 1924 TO 1930
3.5.4 THE RADIO RECEIVERS FROM 1930 TO 1940
3.5.5 THE RADIO RECEIVERS FROM 1940 TO 1950
4.0 THE EVOLUTION OF THE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
4.1 THE PASSIVE COMPONENTS
4.1.1 THE CAPACITOR
4.1.2 THE RESISTOR
4.2 THE ELECTRODYNAMIC COMPONENTS
4.2.1 THE TRANSFORMER
4.2.2 THE LOUDSPEAKER
4.3 THE ACTIVE COMPONENTS
4.3.1 THE TRANSMISSION VALVE
4.3.2 THE RECTIFIER VALVE
5.0 THE INTERACTION OF COMPONENTS - THE CIRCUIT
5.1 THE ORIGIN OF THE CIRCUITS
5.2 THE CLASSICAL CIRCUITS
5.2.1 THE RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
5.2.2 THE VALVE OSCILLATOR
5.2.3 CONSTANT-CURENT MODULATOR
5.2.4 AUTOMATIC VOLUME CONTROL
5.2.5 NEGATIVE-FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
5.2.6 AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY CONTROL
5.3 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE CLASSICAL CIRCUITS
6.0 PICTORIAL ASPECTS OF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS USED IN ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS
6.1 THE GENESIS OF THE INSTRUMENTS
6.2 PICTORIAL ASPECTS
7.0 THE ORIGIN OF THE SOUND REPRODUCTION
7.1 THE MICROPHONE
7.1.1 THE PICTORIAL EVOLUTION OF THE MICROPHONE
7.2 THE VALVE AS AMPLIFYING DEVICE
7.2.1 THE TRIODE
7.2.2 THE TETRODE
7.2.3 THE PENTODE
7.2.4 THE BEAM POWER VALVES
7.3 CARVING OUT THE AMPLIFYING CIRCUITS
7.4 MEN BEHIND THE CIRCUITS
7.5 THE PHOTO ELECTRIC EMISSION N THE SOUND REPRODUCTION
7.6 THE EVOLUTION OF THE MAGNETIC RECORDING
7.7 THE SPEAKER ENCLOSURES
7.7.1 THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE ND THE TYPES OF LOUDSPEAKERS
7.7.2 THE EVOLUTION OF THE LOUDSPEAKERS ENCLOSURES
7.7.3 THE PICTORIAL ASPECTS OF THE LOUDSPEAKERS ENCLOSURES
7.8 THE PATHFINDERS OF THE MODERN LOUDSPEAKER ENCLOSURES
8.0 RADIO GOES TO WAR
8.1 THE MILITARY COMMUNICATION BY USING ELECTRONICS
8.1.1 THE VALVES USED IN THE TELEPHONY SYSTEMS
8.1.2 THE METAL VALVE
8.1.3 THE MINIATURE VALVES
8.1.4 HIGH FREQUENCY VALVES FOR MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS
8.2 THE ELECTRONIC WARFARE
8.2.1 THE RADIO NAVIGATION
8.2.1.1 THE RADIO TELEPHONY
8.2.1.2 RADIOGONIOMETRY
8.2.1.3 RADIO DIRECTION FINDING
8.2.2 THE RADAR
8.3 APICTORIAL EVOLUTION OF THE MILITARY RADIO COMMUNICATION
8.3.1 WWI RADIO COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENTS
8.3.2 WWII RADIO COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENTS
8.4 THE SCIENTISTS IN THE WAR
8.5 CURIOSITIES ABOUT THE RADIO GOES TO WAR
8.6 THE INVISIBLE STOCKADE
8.6.1 ELECTRONICS IN THE INVISIBLE STOCKADE
8.6.1.1 CODES AND CYPHERS - THE ORIGIN OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
8.6.1.2 MACHINE - ASSISTED ENCRYPTION
8.6.1.3 AN OVERVIEW ON THE TYPES OF MACHINE-ASSISTED ENCRYPTION
8.6.1.4 MEN BEHIND CYPHERS AND CODES
8.6.2 THE CLANDESTINE 2-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION
8.6.2.1 CLANDESTINE TWO-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
8.6.3 MOVIE AND THE CLANDESTINE WARFARE
9.0 THE TELEVISION
9.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE IMAGE TRANSMISSION CONCEPT
9.2 THE CATHODE RAY TUBE
9.2.1 THE TUNING VALVE - THE MAGIC EYE
9.3 THE IMAGE CONVERTER
9.4 CONSOLIDATING THE BIG SYNAPSE
9.5 THE COLORED TELEVISION
9.6 RECORDING THE VIDEO SIGNALS
9.7 PICTORIAL ASPECTS OF THE TELEVISION RECEIVER
9.7.1 THE FIRST TELEVISION RECEIVERS
9.7.2 FROM B&W TO THE DIGITAL TELEVISION RECEIVERS
9.8 ARCHITECTS OF THE MODERN TELEVISION
10 THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLID STATE - FROM THE TRANSISTOR TO THE IC
10.1 THE ORIGIN OF THE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
10.2 THE FOUNDATION OF SOLID STATE PHYSICS
10.3 FROM THE DIODE TO THE TRANSISTOR - THE MANMADE CRYSTAL
10.3.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUNCTION DIODE
10.3.1.1 THE SCHOTTKY BARRIER DIODE
10.3.1.2 THE SILICON RECTIFIER DIODE
10.3.1.3 THE TUNNEL DIODE
10.3.1.4 THE LIGHT EMITTING DIODE - LED
10.3.1.5 THE GUNN DIODE
10.3.2 THE TRANSISTOR
10.4 THE NUVISTOR - THE DECLINE OF THE THERMIONICS
10.5 THE SOLID STATE DOMAIN
10.5.1 THE SILICON TRANSISTOR
10.5.2 THE MESA TRANSISTOR
10.5.3 THE PLANAR TRANSISTOR
10.5.4 THE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR - FET 
10.6 THE MICROELECTRONICS
10.6.1
 THE INTEGRATED VALVE - AN IC OF TWENTIES
10.6.2 THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
10.7 THE SOLID STATE GRUBBERS
11.0 THE REMARKABLE SOCIETY OF THE ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY
11.1 IN THE SPIRIT OF RESEARCH AND ENTERPRISE
11.2 THE KNIGHTS OF THE ETHER
11.2.1 THE DEFINITION OF THE RADIO SPECTRUM
11.2.2 THE EVOLUTION OF AMATEUR RADIO
11.2.3 SINGLE SIDE BAND REVOLUTION
11.2.4 THE MOBILE RADIOTELEPHONY
11.3 RADIO ENTERS HOME
11.3.1 THE INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION OF THE RADIO RECEIVER
11.3.1.1 THE ELECTRO-MECHANICAL CONCEPT
11.3.1.2 MATERIALS AND THE ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY
11.3.1.3 THE INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
11.3.2 THE PICTORIAL EVOLUTION OF THE DOMESTIC RADIO RECEIVER
11.3.2.1 THE WOOD IN RADIO CABINET DESIGN
11.3.2.2 THE STEEL IN THE RADIO CABINET DESIGN
11.3.2.3 THE PLASTIC IN THE RADIO CABINET DESIGN
11.4 RADIO TAKES A RIDER
11.4.1 THE POWER SUPPLY USING VIBRATOR
11.4.2 THE PUSH BUTTON TUNER
11.5 THE FACSIMILIE TRANSMISSIONS
11.5.1 THE FORERUNNERS OF THE FACSIMILIE TRANSMISSIONS
11.5.2 THE BIRTH OF THE COMMERCIAL FACSIMILIE
11.6 THE SOUND REPRODUCTION IN HIGH FIDELITY
11.6.1 FROM EDISON CYLINDER TO THE LONG PLAYING
11.6.1.1 THE ORIGIN OF THE PHONOGRAPHIC INDUSTRY
11.6.1.2 THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
11.6.2 THE EVOLUTION OF THE SOUND REPRODUCERS
11.6.2.1 FROM THE GRAMOPHONE TO THE ORTHOPHONIC VICTROLA
11.6.2.2 THE ELECTRO ACOUSTICAL AGE
11.7 THE ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION OF THE SPOKEN WORD ON WIRES
11.7.1 THE PIONEERING EXPERIMENTS
11.7.2 THE FIRST ELECTRIC SPEAKING TELEPHONE
11.7.3 THE TELEPHONE EVOLUTION
11.8 THE ELECTRON AND THE MEDICINE
11.8.1 A HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW
11.8.2 THE DISCOVERY OF THE X-RAYS
11.8.3 MEASURING THE ELECTRICITY BIOLOGICALLY PRODUCED
11.9 FROM ABACUS TO THE ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER
11.9.1 THE BIRTH OF THE MECHANIZED CALCULATOR
11.9.2 THE ANALYTICAL CALCULATOR CONCEPT 
11.9.3 THE GENEALOGY OF THE COMPUTER
11.9.3.1 THE FIRST GENERATION (1940 - 1950)
11.9.3.2 THE NEW GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
11.10 THE MODERN ELECTRONIC SOCIETY'S MEN OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY